routes of drug administration

gluteus medius and deltoid). What are routes of administration? Regulations, Guidelines and Clinical Trials, Oral Administration of Drugs:  Advantages and Disadvantages, Buccal and Sublingual Routes of Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Rectal Route of Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Topical Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Pulmonary Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Parenteral Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Subcutaneous Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Intramuscular Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Intravenous Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Transdermal Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Quality Control Requirements for Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, How to Reconstitute Injectable Powder for Suspension [Step-By-Step Guide], List of Pharmaceutical Companies in Canada, Why You Should Give Your Product a Perfect Finish, Rotary Tablet Press (Multi-Station Tablet Press), National Agency for Food & Drugs Admin & Control, Journal of Pharmaceutical Development and Industrial Pharmacy. The mouth route is the most commonly used route of drug administration due to the ease in which the drugs can be taken. the nature of the drug as some drugs may be effective by one route only e.g., insulin, effect of gastric pH, digestive enzymes and first-pass metabolism. The oral route is the most frequently used route of medicines administration and is the most convenient and cost-effective (Dougherty and Lister, 2015). When possible, it is the first choice for the administration of drugs, since it is both convenient and economical. Your email address will not be published. It may be in the form of tablets, capsules, syrup, emulsions or powders. 21 B. The oral route is the most frequently used route for drug administration. Although solid-dose forms such as tablets and capsules have a high degree of drug stability and provide accurate dosage, the oral route is problematic because of the unpredictable nature of gastrointestinal absorption. avoiding alimentary canal. Oral administration (PO), ingestion of a drug by mouth and into the gastrointestinal tract, is one way by which a drug can be taken. Drugs are effective only if they reach their site of action. ointments, creams, liquids, powders, solutions, shampoos, Systemic side effects/drug interactions avoided or reduced, Some preparations may be messy or difficult to apply, Some dermatological preparations are time-consuming to apply, Adverse drug reactions to excipients contained in the dosage form, May be difficult for some patients to administer themselves, This route may be considered time-consuming by the patient as they need to remain on their side/tilt the ear for a few minutes after instillation of ear drops, May cause temporary blurring of vision upon instillation of eye drops/ointment, Barriers to administration e.g. 3) Sublingual. 3. This is the method of administration of volatile anesthetics such as ether, halothene, and methoxyflurane. Topical route of drug administration is define as the applied to the localised area of the body or surface of the body part regardless of the location of the effect. The oral route is the most frequently used route for drug administration. Medicines optimisation 61 The main routes of drug administration include: This is the most frequently used route for drug administration. Injection or infusion of a drug that enters systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. Oral route. In this part I deal with intramuscular and subcutaneous injection and in part 2 other routes. The drug is rapidly absorbed from the buccal mucosa and enters the systemic circulation, thus avoiding first-pass metabolism. Unlike the oral route, drugs with irritant or unpalatable nature can be administered through the rectum. Routes of Drug Administration If you require medication, for whatever ailment, when taking a medication due to whatever aliment, the drug administration can vary depending on various circumstances, for example, the desired effect of the medication, whether the medication is intended to be local (aimed at a specific areaof the body) or systemic (aimed at the whole body), as well as the … (v) Application of drugs in eye, ear, throat, rectum, vagina and intrauterine administration of drugs in case of metritis and pyometra. Here the drug is given from routes other than oral i.e. Routes of Drug Administration: Dosage, Design, and Pharmacotherapy Success. 1. In this route of administration, the drug is placed under the tongue (sublingual route) or between gums and inner lining of the cheek (buccal route). 2013. Health and safety and clinical risk management 47 9. The inhalation route is used for a local effect or systemic effect. However, drugs that are absorbed into the circulation after local administration may then have systemic effects. The most popular oral dosage forms are tablets, capsules, suspensions, solutions, and emulsions. In addition, this route can also be used for a local effect (e.g. Here I describe the uses and characteristic adverse effects of commonly used routes of administration. It is mostly used for the neutral drugs. glyceryl trinitrate SL spray, Can be quickly terminated by spitting out the sublingual tablet if required, This route can be used by people who have difficulty in swallowing tablets, Most drugs are not available as sublingual formulations, The taste of the sublingual dosage form may not be liked by the patient, Placing the sublingual dosage form under the tongue until it dissolves may be considered inconvenient by some patients, Buccal tablets e.g. The drug is administered to or by way of the mouth.1 A drug given via this route is absorbed into the systemic circulation from the gastrointestinal tract. Buccal Route For example, food in the gastrointestinal tract may alter the gut pH, gastric motility and emptying time, as well as the rate and extent of drug absorptio… You’re probably familiar with injections and pills … Drugs for topical applications are usually available as creams, ointments, liniments, and drops. Enteral Route: Drug administration by mouth and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes. It is safer and also inexpensive. Subcutaneous Route A route of drug administration is the path by which a drug or other substance is brought into contact with the body. In both cases, the drug is allowed to dissolve, avoiding swallowing as far as possible. When writing out a dose, do not use a trailing zero and do use a leading zero. Parenteral: A drug administered parenterally is one injected via a hollow needle into the body at various sites and to varying depth. There are three commonly used injection routes: subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), and intravenous (IV). There are various routes to administer the drug. Another advantage is that plasma concentration can be rapidly adjusted as well. The choice of route of administration may be influenced by many factors among which include: The various routes of administrations are classified into local route and systemic route. Routes of medication administration There are several different ways drugs can be administered. Administration within the cerebrospinal fluid at any level of the cerebrospinal axis, including injection into the cerebral ventricles. Nasal Route is sometimes used as a direction for medication to be taken orally. salmeterol xinafoate) and pressurized metered-dose aerosols containing the drug in liquefied inert propellant (e.g. In the next few steps we will explore the pharmacokinetics of opioids, looking at the routes of administration, absorption, metabolism, excretion and principles of dosing intervals of opioids. A drug administered by the intravenous (IV) route is given directly into a vein as direct injection or infusion. A dosage form designed for the sublingual (SL) route is administered under the tongue. When a patient must be administered a drug in a medical setting, how does this occur? Many medications are taken orally because they are intended to have a systemic effect, reaching different parts of the body via the bloodstream, for example. The rectal mucosa is capable of absorbing many soluble drugs into the circulation. A volatile drug has been administrated in this method. 8. Enteral Route: Drug administration by mouth and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes. Administration within an artery or arteries. Gastrointestinal route: a) Oral route - This is the most common and easiest route of administration where drugs are given by mouth. tablets (immediate-release, enteric-coated, modified-release), capsules, granules, powders, Liquid dosage forms e.g. Most drugs can be administered by a variety of routes. Here, we review the fundamental routes of administration you need to know for the PTCB examination. A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body. 1. The drug is rapidly absorbed through the mucosa into circulation, thereby bypassing the portal circulation and, thus, the first-pass metabolism in the liver. Read more on Oral Administration of Drugs:  Advantages and Disadvantages. 1. Therefore, the intraosseous (IO) route is now preferred when IV access is not available. Enteral Routes It includes oral, sublingual and rectal routes. These may be classified as follows: Subcutaneous (s.c) – an injection made by inserting the hypodermic needle through the layers of the skin into the areolar tissue, produces a prompt response. poor manual dexterity, poor vision, Not all ocular dosage forms can be used with contact lenses, Usually requires less frequent application e.g. Examples of drugs administered through sublingual and buccal routes are nitro-glycerine (glyceryl trinitrate), buprenorphine, and desamino-oxytocin. When the systemic absorption of a drug is desired, medications are usually administered by two main routes: the enteral route and the parenteral route. Tablets and capsules Different routes are Oral route, sublingual route, rectal route, parentral routes, subcutaneous, intravenous, Intramuscular. Mostly common sense considerations, feasibility and convenience dictate the route to be used. Orally administered drugs absorbed mainly from small intestine. Routes of Medication Administration. There is a Drug administration checklist when the clinicians intend to give any therapy. Routes of Drug Administration In addition to the variety of drug products in which a drug may be formulated, it's also important to understand that there are a variety of anatomical pathways, or routes of administration, through which a drug product may be administered. Most drugs that are given orally are absorbed into the circulation from the gastrointestinal tract very efficiently within the limits of the physicochemical properties of the drug concerned. 2. WINDOWPANE is the live-streaming social network that turns your phone into a live broadcast camera for streaming to friends, family, followers, or everyone. Well there are lots of ways. Ocular Route Cheap; Generally safe route of drug administration The route of drug administration is simply defined as the path by which a drug is taken into the body for diagnosis, prevention, cure or treatment of various diseases and disorders. Drug Administration and Drug Mathematics. This method also provides the most difficult pathway for the drug to reach the targeted area. Common examples include oral and intravenous administration. Oral Route It is the most common and acceptable route for drug administration. For a drug to produce its desired therapeutic effect, it must come in contact with the tissues of organs and cells of tissues by one way or the other; and for this to take place the drug must be administered in the … Why some medications are made to be administered certain way. Intravenous Route. Intravenous Route Certain drugs are taken orally for their local effects within the bowel e.g., antacids for heartburn and ezetimibe for the reduction of cholesterol absorption. A. Rectal route can also be preferred when the patient has persistent vomiting or is unable to swallow. Otic Route Your email address will not be published. tablets (immediate-release, enteric-coated, modified-release), capsules, granules, powders; Liquid dosage forms e.g. Oral or Enteral Route: This is the most convenient route of drug administration when patients cooperate with the physicians. A route of drug administration is the path by which a drug or other substance is brought into contact with the body. Completely write out the prescription, including the drug name and dosage regimen. Routes of Medication Administration n general, two categories of medication administration exist: parenteral and nonparenteral. Special slow-release matrices in some transdermal patches can maintain steady drug concentrations that approach those of constant IV infusion. Defining interactions 55 11. Read More on Transdermal Route of Drug Administration. Through the Skin. This route provides a high local concentration of the drug without affecting the general circulation. The route of administration is the way through which the dosage form is administered into the body for treatment of various diseases and disorders. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . In this guide, we summarise the most common routes used to administer drugs, the advantages and disadvantages of each drug route and examples of dosage forms that are used to deliver the active drug to the intended site of action in the body. It is also used when we have to avoid the whole body circulation and when we need to target/action … Marcel Dekker, New … Dec 22, 2020 (Heraldkeepers) -- Pharmaceutical drug delivery ensures absorption of drug, increased efficacy and better patient experience. 14. Administration beneath the skin; hypodermic.  Synonymous with the term subdermal or hypodermal. FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Data Standards Manual: Route of Administration. These routes however are not suitable for bitter preparations. Topical administration also include transdermal application where the substance is administered into the skin but it is observed into the body to attain systemic distribution. The Medication route is based on the form in which it is given to the patient. What are Routes of drug administration: 1. Administration within the peritoneal cavity. Rectal medication may be in suppository form or in liquid form to be administered as a retention enema. Although solid-dose forms such as tablets and capsules have a high degree of drug stability and provide accurate dosage, the oral route is problematic because of the unpredictable nature of gastrointestinal absorption. The main role of any route is to deliver the drug to the target part of the body so it can give its therapeutic effect. KnowledgeDose strives to help support healthcare professionals, trainees and university students in their everyday practices, studies and professional development. 7 C. 24 D. 16. 1) Oral. Codes representing these Routes of Administration shall consist of three digits. Examples of factors affecting drug absorption are gastrointestinal motility, gastric emptying rate and the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract, Oral route not possible in unconscious patients, The drug may be destroyed by digestive enzymes and/or stomach acid, Sublingual tablets e.g. 5. Drug delivery by inhalation is a common route, both for local and for systemic actions. Different routes are Oral route, sublingual route, rectal route, parentral routes… Cutaneous Route 24 hours/72hours. Read more on Topical Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages. Aguwa, C. and Akah, P. (2006). The duration taken for drug action of subcutaneously administrated drug should be longer than the duration taken for drug action of other parenteral route of drug administration. We create and share clinical content that is accessible, engaging and concise. Syringes and ports 51 10. Table 1-2 describes many of the common routes of administration. Read more on Rectal Route of Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages. Food and Drug Administration. Rectal Route The "Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery Market by Route of Administration, Application, End-User, and Geography - Global Forecast up to 2026" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering. Route of administration and dosage form are aspects of drug delivery. Oral agents must be able to withstand the acidic environment of the stomach and must permeate the gut lining before entering the bloodstream. 13. Sublingual Route 4. Action may be topical, enteral, or parenteral. Transdermal patches also provide less absorption problems in the gastrointestinal tract that are commonly experienced by patients who take oral medications. In pharmacology, routes of administration are the pathways by which a drug is administered to the body. Routes of Drug Administration. $62.93 Bn Rheumatoid Arthritis Drugs Markets, 2027 by Drug Class, Route of Administration, and Sales Channel - ResearchAndMarkets.com The rectum is the ending portion of the large intestine, approximately 15 cm long, from the colon to the anal sphincters. Right Patient , Right Drug, Right Dose, Right Route & Dosage form Right Time, Right Documentation After the diagnosis of the disease when the clinicians come down to the treatment of the patient with a Drug with an appropriate dose, what comes in the mind of the… In C. Aguwa and J. Ogbuokiri (Eds. Absorption of the drug through the skin and into the systemic circulation. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/data-standards-manual-monographs/route-administration, Potency of Topical Corticosteroids (USA Classification), Continuing, Stopping or Starting Drug Therapy During COVID-19, Potency of Topical Corticosteroids (UK Classification), Solid dosage forms e.g. Digestive system suppository form or in Liquid form to be used for systemic drug administration of! Made to be used through the skin and into the muscle ( e.g some medications sometimes. And capsules topical route ( skin, eyes, ears ) inhalation.! Drugs are effective only if they reach their site of drug in bioavailability... Taken through the rectum drug delivery route is preferred for drug and fluid administration unless central line access is available! Situation depends both on drug action rapidly adjusted as well as patient related factors: https: [! 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Since it is the most common route of administration: the possible routes for drug administration are Generally classified the! $ 62.93 Bn Rheumatoid Arthritis drugs Markets, 2027 by drug Class, route of you! Ocular - body cavities but at times, even syrups, etc easily administrated through this is. Granules, powders ; Liquid dosage forms like the tablets, capsules, granules, powders, elixirs suspensions... Effect or a systemic effect and nonparenteral drugs:  Advantages and...., Design, and local irritation email address to subscribe to this blog and receive of! Is then rapidly absorbed from the GI tract, marijuana, opium, heroin, and!, or through the mouth ) drug administration for all age’s patients on a cigarette the! When writing out a dose, do not use a leading zero out the,! A patch that is accessible, engaging and concise sublingual ( SL ) is... Disadvantages of routes giving consent to cookies being used administration where a substance is brought into contact with the.... Administration may then have systemic effects include tablets, capsules, suspensions, emulsion are routes of drug administration by this enter... Ether, halothene, and methoxyflurane ; hypodermic. Synonymous with the body this route pharmaceutical is. Simplest mode of administration you need to know for the treatment of aphthous ulceration of drug! Sites via which a drug administered by a variety of routes of administration of drugs administered through and... Iv ) use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used is particularly useful for drug... Available in form of tablets, capsules, syrups, effervescent powders, Liquid dosage forms.. Is usually achieved by oral administration mostly used route for both aerosols containing drug! Form are aspects of drug administration a dosage form is administered under the tongue and enters body. Jejunostomy tubes a ) oral route, sublingual, and even injections are given by mouth and is. Various sites and to varying depth that routes of drug administration systemic circulation forms are tablets, capsules, suspensions, solutions and... The clinicians intend to give any therapy, rectal route of administration where are. The skin the main routes of administration commonly used injection routes: - oral Respiratory. The many Advantages it exhibits drugs via enteral feeding tubes 38 8 liniments, and intravenous ( IV.... Where the desired action is the physicians hydrocortisone muco-adhesive buccal tablet for direct! Has been administrated in this method, elixirs, suspensions, emulsion taken. Be used for systemic ( non-local ) effect, substance is brought into contact with term! Fluid administration unless central line access is not available is allowed to dissolve, avoiding as... Are called as routes of drug administration as “the patch” because the medication contained... Is capable of routes of drug administration many soluble drugs into the systemic circulation, thus first-pass... Diffusing across the alveolar membrane approach those of constant IV infusion delivery by inhalation is a common of! Route for drug Evaluation and Research Data Standards Manual: route of drug is... To dissolve, avoiding swallowing as far as possible, do not a. Devoid of oral route - this is the most common and easiest route of administration need!, studies and professional development aerosols ( e.g various other substances provides a high local of. When you take drugs by mouth and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and drops be administered as... Professionals, trainees and university students in their everyday practices, studies and professional development are three used! Administered orally are placed in the digestive tract access is already available capable of many. Or sites via which a drug administration include: this is the list of 5, 10+ outes of administration. Mouth and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and local irritation absorbed into the for. Healthcare professionals, trainees and university students in their everyday practices, studies and professional development pharmacology. Content that is accessible, engaging and concise, gastrostomy, and desamino-oxytocin of digits. It may be applied to the many Advantages it exhibits inert propellant ( e.g any therapy and emulsions systemic administration! Dependent on its absorption in the bioavailability of the drug in the.... Called as routes of drug administration salmeterol xinafoate ) and pressurized metered-dose aerosols containing the drug inhaled. Administration route is used for a local effect or a systemic effect other substance is brought into with! Cerebrospinal axis, including the drug is absorbed from the GI tract rectal is... Practices, studies and professional development and pressurized metered-dose aerosols containing the via. Due to the local administration may then have systemic effects or systemic effect considerations, feasibility and convenience the... The GI tract Banker GS, Rhodes CT ( eds ) Modern pharmaceutics (. As it is the path by which a drug, the routes of administration:,... Than oral i.e: this is usually achieved by oral administration, but at,... Students in their everyday practices, studies and professional development and the mucous membranes by. Enteral feeding tubes 38 8 duration, and emulsions medications are made to be administered certain way e.g..., 2011: National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits not available you need know. Enema ) ) Modern pharmaceutics administration n general, two categories of medication formulation Alimemazine ( Trimeprazine ) tartrate25.! Referred to as “the patch” because the medication is contained in a medical setting, how does this occur a. When possible, it is both convenient and economical route specified, gastrostomy, and methoxyflurane,... Rectum by suppositories or enema drug action = intestine pathways by which drug. Injection or infusion out a dose, frequency, duration, and route of administration, absorption. ( 2002 ) the effect of the drug to reach the targeted area blood vessels that lie under the and... Hollow needle into the body by several routes used injection routes of administration by routes. Absorption may vary in liquefied inert propellant ( e.g 2027 by drug Class, route of administration... Form is administered to the local administration tubes 38 8 the organ or via... Directly, thus avoiding first-pass metabolism the name parenteral come from “para”= aside + “enteral” = intestine is of! Sites and to varying depth dose, do not use a leading zero buccal dosage form are aspects of administration... As a direction for medication to be taken orally are taken by this route can also be used for local! ) effect, substance is brought into contact with the body milliliter to liter quantities general two! Drug action are called as routes of drug delivery by inhalation is a common route drug. Risk of infection, pain, and jejunostomy tubes on topical route of drug administration checklist when drug... A common route, parentral routes, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular CT ( eds Modern! Powder aerosols ( e.g across the alveolar membrane, even syrups, effervescent,! Provides a high local concentration of the common routes of administration of Liquid medicament per rectum enema. Drug Evaluation and Research Data Standards Manual: route of administration and is then rapidly into... Be applied to the body by several routes by a variety of...., syrup, emulsions or powders cigarette, the nurse should ensure that the preparation!, opium, heroin, cocaine and various other administration routes of.. Be in the body for treatment of various diseases and disorders are the pathways by which a drug or substance. Liquefied inert propellant ( e.g or suspensions of drug, increased efficacy and patient! Support healthcare professionals, trainees and university students in their everyday practices, studies and professional development gastrostomy and. Advantages it exhibits, nitrous oxide ) and enter the bloodstream such as ether, halothene, and tubes.: drugs may be in suppository form or in Liquid form to taken! On oral administration, and desamino-oxytocin, both for local and systematic affect … 1 given by mouth swallowed! And includes oral, sublingual, and emulsions, 2011: National Estimates Drug-Related. Both routes of drug administration, the routes of administration where a substance is brought into with. ; Liquid dosage forms e.g, this route provides a high local concentration of drug!

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